Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a common, chronic joint disorder characterized by the gradual breakdown of cartilage that cushions the ends of bones. As the cartilage wears away, bones may rub against each other, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced joint mobility. Osteoarthritis most commonly affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, spine, and hands and tends to worsen over time.

Symptoms

Symptoms of osteoarthritis usually develop slowly and may vary in severity:

• Joint pain during or after movement

• Stiffness, especially after periods of inactivity or upon waking

• Reduced range of motion

• Joint swelling or tenderness

• A grinding or cracking sensation during joint movement

• Weakness or instability in the affected joint

• Visible joint deformities in advanced stages

Causes

Osteoarthritis develops due to mechanical stress and biochemical changes within the joint over time:

• Age-related wear and tear of joint cartilage

• Repetitive stress or overuse of joints

• Previous joint injuries or trauma

• Abnormal joint alignment

• Weak muscles providing poor joint support

• Genetic factors affecting cartilage structure

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing osteoarthritis:

• Increasing age

• Female gender

• Obesity, which adds stress to joints

• Family history of osteoarthritis

• Joint injuries from sports or accidents

• Occupations involving repetitive joint use

• Congenital joint abnormalities

Complications

If not properly managed, osteoarthritis can lead to:

• Chronic pain and stiffness

• Progressive loss of joint function

• Reduced mobility and independence

• Sleep disturbances due to pain

• Depression or anxiety related to chronic discomfort

• Increased risk of falls and disability

Prevention

Although osteoarthritis cannot always be prevented, certain measures may reduce risk or slow progression:

• Maintaining a healthy body weight

• Engaging in regular low-impact physical activity

• Strengthening muscles around joints

• Avoiding repetitive joint strain

• Using proper posture and ergonomics

• Seeking early treatment for joint injuries