Overview

Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the mucous membranes inside the mouth. It is considered an immune-mediated disorder and may present with periods of flare-ups and remission. Oral lichen planus is not contagious, but it can cause persistent discomfort and requires long-term monitoring due to potential complications.

Symptoms

Symptoms of oral lichen planus vary depending on the form and severity of the condition:

  • White, lacy or web-like patches on the inner cheeks, tongue, or gums

  • Red, swollen, or inflamed oral tissues

  • Pain or burning sensation in the mouth

  • Mouth sores or ulcers

  • Sensitivity to spicy, acidic, or hot foods

  • Dry mouth or altered taste sensation

  • Bleeding gums in more severe cases

Causes

The exact cause of oral lichen planus is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an abnormal immune response:

  • Autoimmune reaction targeting oral mucosal cells

  • Genetic predisposition

  • Stress or emotional factors that may trigger flare-ups

  • Certain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or blood pressure medicines

  • Dental materials or oral allergens

  • Viral infections in some cases

Risk Factors

Several factors may increase the risk of developing oral lichen planus:

  • Middle-aged and older adults

  • Female gender

  • Personal or family history of autoimmune diseases

  • Chronic stress

  • Exposure to triggering medications or dental materials

  • Poor oral hygiene or existing oral irritation

Complications

Oral lichen planus can lead to complications, especially if symptoms are severe or persistent:

  • Chronic pain and discomfort

  • Difficulty eating or speaking

  • Secondary oral infections

  • Gum disease or tooth loss due to inflammation

  • Increased risk of oral cancer with long-standing disease

Prevention

There is no definitive way to prevent oral lichen planus, but symptom control and risk reduction are possible:

  • Maintaining good oral hygiene

  • Avoiding known triggers such as spicy or irritating foods

  • Managing stress effectively

  • Regular dental and medical check-ups

  • Monitoring lesions for changes and seeking prompt evaluation if symptoms worsen

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