Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is a condition in which the level of calcium in the blood is higher than normal. Calcium is essential for strong bones, muscle movement, nerve signaling, and proper heart function. When calcium levels become too high, it can interfere with these normal body processes.

Hypercalcemia can range from mild to severe. Mild cases may not cause noticeable symptoms, while severe hypercalcemia can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The condition often develops as a result of an underlying medical problem and requires evaluation to identify the cause.

Symptoms

Symptoms of hypercalcemia depend on how high the calcium level is and how quickly it rises.

Common symptoms include:

• Increased thirst and frequent urination

• Fatigue and weakness

• Nausea and vomiting

• Loss of appetite

• Constipation

• Abdominal pain

More severe symptoms may include:

• Muscle weakness

• Bone pain

• Confusion, memory problems, or difficulty concentrating

• Depression or mood changes

• Irregular heart rhythms

• Kidney stones

Some people with mild hypercalcemia may have no symptoms and are diagnosed through routine blood tests.

Causes

Hypercalcemia most commonly occurs when calcium regulation in the body is disrupted.

Common causes include:

• Overactive parathyroid glands producing excess parathyroid hormone

• Certain cancers, especially those affecting the bones or producing hormone-like substances

• Excessive intake of calcium or vitamin D supplements

• Prolonged immobilization, which can lead to calcium loss from bones

• Certain medications, such as thiazide diuretics or lithium

• Chronic kidney disease affecting calcium balance

Identifying the underlying cause is essential for effective treatment.

Risk factors

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing hypercalcemia.

Risk factors include:

• History of parathyroid disease

• Cancer, particularly breast cancer, lung cancer, or multiple myeloma

• Long-term use of calcium or vitamin D supplements

• Kidney disease

• Family history of calcium regulation disorders

• Certain medications that affect calcium levels

People with these risk factors may need regular monitoring of blood calcium levels.

Complications

If left untreated, hypercalcemia can lead to serious health problems.

Possible complications include:

• Kidney stones and kidney damage

• Osteoporosis due to calcium loss from bones

• Heart rhythm abnormalities

• High blood pressure

• Nervous system problems such as confusion or coma

• Kidney failure in severe or prolonged cases

The risk of complications increases with higher calcium levels and longer duration of the condition.

Prevention

Not all cases of hypercalcemia can be prevented, but certain steps may reduce the risk or allow early detection.

Preventive measures include:

• Avoiding excessive use of calcium and vitamin D supplements unless prescribed

• Regular blood tests for people with parathyroid disease, cancer, or kidney disease

• Staying well hydrated to help the kidneys remove excess calcium

• Reviewing medications with a healthcare provider if calcium levels are elevated

• Seeking medical advice for persistent symptoms such as excessive thirst, fatigue, or bone pain

Early diagnosis and management of the underlying cause can help prevent complications and protect overall health.