Epididymitis

Epididymitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the epididymis, a coiled tube located at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It commonly occurs due to bacterial infections and can affect males of all ages, though it is more frequent in sexually active men and older adults. Epididymitis may develop suddenly or gradually and can cause significant discomfort if not treated promptly.

Symptoms

Symptoms of epididymitis often begin on one side and may worsen over time. Common symptoms include:

• Testicular pain and tenderness, usually on one side

• Swelling and redness of the scrotum

• Warmth in the affected area

• Pain during urination

• Frequent or urgent need to urinate

• Pain during ejaculation

• Discharge from the penis in some cases

• Fever and chills in more severe infections

Sudden severe scrotal pain should be evaluated immediately to rule out other conditions.

Causes

Epididymitis is most often caused by infection. Common causes include:

• Sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea

• Urinary tract infections

• Prostate infections

• Backward flow of urine into the epididymis

• Recent catheter use or urological procedures

• Rarely, viral infections or medication-related inflammation

Identifying the cause helps guide appropriate treatment.

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing epididymitis:

• Unprotected sexual activity

• Multiple sexual partners

• History of sexually transmitted infections

• Recent urinary tract surgery or catheter use

• Enlarged prostate causing urinary obstruction

• Structural abnormalities of the urinary tract

Managing risk factors can reduce recurrence.

Complications

If epididymitis is not treated effectively, it may lead to complications:

• Chronic epididymal pain or inflammation

• Abscess formation in the scrotum

• Reduced fertility or infertility in severe or recurrent cases

• Spread of infection to the testicle, leading to epididymo-orchitis

• Scarring of the epididymis

Early treatment helps prevent long-term damage.

Prevention

Epididymitis can often be prevented by reducing infection risk:

• Practicing safe sex and using barrier protection

• Seeking prompt treatment for urinary or sexually transmitted infections

• Maintaining good genital hygiene

• Managing prostate or urinary tract conditions

• Following medical advice after urological procedures

Early recognition of symptoms and timely medical care are essential for preventing complications of epididymitis.