Ectopic Pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency in which a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus instead of attaching to the uterine lining. The most common site is the fallopian tube, but implantation may also occur in the ovary, cervix, or abdominal cavity. Because these locations cannot support normal pregnancy growth, an ectopic pregnancy cannot progress normally and requires prompt medical attention to prevent serious complications.

Symptoms

Symptoms usually develop early in pregnancy and may worsen as the pregnancy grows. They can range from mild to severe and may include:

• Sharp or cramping pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis, often on one side

• Vaginal bleeding that differs from a normal menstrual period

• Shoulder pain caused by internal bleeding irritating the diaphragm

• Dizziness, weakness, or fainting

• Nausea or gastrointestinal discomfort

• Sudden severe pain if rupture occurs

Causes

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg cannot move normally through the reproductive tract to reach the uterus. Possible causes include:

• Scarring or damage to the fallopian tubes

• Pelvic inflammatory disease or prior infections

• Previous surgery on the fallopian tubes or pelvic organs

• Congenital abnormalities of the reproductive tract

• Hormonal factors affecting egg transport

Risk Factors

Certain conditions and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy, including:

• History of a previous ectopic pregnancy

• Prior pelvic or abdominal surgery

• Pelvic inflammatory disease or sexually transmitted infections

• Fertility treatments or assisted reproductive techniques

• Smoking

• Use of an intrauterine device at the time of conception

Complications

If not diagnosed and treated early, ectopic pregnancy can lead to serious and life-threatening complications, such as:

• Rupture of the fallopian tube

• Severe internal bleeding

• Shock due to blood loss

• Permanent damage to reproductive organs

• Reduced fertility or difficulty with future pregnancies

• Increased risk of recurrent ectopic pregnancy

Prevention

Ectopic pregnancy cannot always be prevented, but certain steps may help reduce risk:

• Prompt diagnosis and treatment of reproductive tract infections

• Avoiding smoking

• Regular gynecological checkups

• Early prenatal care in future pregnancies

• Seeking immediate medical care for pelvic pain or abnormal bleeding during pregnancy

Early detection and appropriate treatment are essential to protect health and improve future reproductive outcomes.