Overview

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when the body does not have enough insulin to allow glucose into cells for energy. As a result, the body begins to break down fat, producing acids called ketones that accumulate in the blood. This condition is most commonly associated with type 1 diabetes but can also occur in type 2 diabetes under certain circumstances.

Symptoms

Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis often develop rapidly and worsen over time:

  • High blood sugar levels

  • Excessive thirst

  • Frequent urination

  • Nausea and vomiting

  • Abdominal pain

  • Rapid or deep breathing

  • Fruity-smelling breath

  • Fatigue or weakness

  • Confusion or difficulty concentrating

Causes

Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when insulin levels are insufficient:

  • Missed insulin doses

  • Undiagnosed diabetes

  • Severe infections or illness

  • Physical or emotional stress

  • Malfunction of insulin delivery devices

  • Certain medications that affect insulin action

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing diabetic ketoacidosis:

  • Type 1 diabetes

  • Poor adherence to insulin therapy

  • Acute infections

  • High levels of physical or emotional stress

  • Substance abuse

  • Previous episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis

Complications

If not treated promptly, diabetic ketoacidosis can result in severe complications:

  • Severe dehydration

  • Electrolyte imbalances

  • Brain swelling

  • Kidney failure

  • Cardiac arrhythmias

  • Shock

  • Increased risk of death

Prevention

Preventive measures focus on proper diabetes management and early detection:

  • Taking insulin as prescribed

  • Monitoring blood glucose and ketone levels regularly

  • Seeking early medical care during illness

  • Staying well hydrated

  • Recognizing early symptoms of ketoacidosis

  • Educating patients and caregivers on emergency management

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