Diabetes Insipidus

Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition characterized by an imbalance in the body’s regulation of fluids, leading to excessive urination and intense thirst. It is not related to diabetes mellitus and does not involve blood sugar levels. The disorder occurs when the body does not produce enough antidiuretic hormone or when the kidneys do not respond properly to it.

Symptoms

Symptoms of diabetes insipidus are mainly related to fluid imbalance:

• Excessive urination with diluted urine

• Intense thirst, especially for cold water

• Frequent nighttime urination

• Dehydration

• Fatigue or weakness

• Dry skin or dry mouth

• Headaches

• Irritability or restlessness in children

Causes

Diabetes insipidus develops due to disruption in antidiuretic hormone function:

• Damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland

• Head injury or brain surgery

• Genetic disorders affecting hormone regulation

• Kidney resistance to antidiuretic hormone

• Certain medications

• Pregnancy-related hormonal changes

Risk Factors

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing diabetes insipidus:

• Brain injury or neurosurgery

• Family history of the condition

• Chronic kidney disease

• Use of medications affecting kidney function

• Pregnancy in rare cases

• Underlying brain tumors or infections

Complications

If not properly managed, diabetes insipidus can lead to:

• Severe dehydration

• Electrolyte imbalances

• Low blood pressure

• Dizziness or fainting

• Fatigue affecting daily activities

• Growth issues in children if untreated

Prevention

Some forms of diabetes insipidus cannot be prevented, but risk reduction may be possible:

• Prompt treatment of brain injuries or infections

• Regular monitoring when using high-risk medications

• Maintaining adequate fluid intake

• Seeking medical care for persistent excessive thirst or urination

• Following treatment plans for underlying conditions