Carotid Artery Disease

Carotid artery disease is a condition in which the carotid arteries, the major blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the brain, become narrowed or blocked. This narrowing is usually caused by a buildup of fatty deposits known as plaque, a process called atherosclerosis. Carotid artery disease is a major risk factor for stroke, as reduced or blocked blood flow can lead to brain injury. The condition often develops gradually and may remain silent until a serious event occurs.

Symptoms

Many people with carotid artery disease do not experience symptoms in the early stages. Symptoms often appear when blood flow to the brain is significantly reduced or temporarily blocked.

Possible symptoms include:

• Sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the face or body

• Difficulty speaking or understanding speech

• Sudden vision problems in one or both eyes

• Dizziness or loss of balance

• Sudden severe headache with no known cause

These symptoms may be temporary and are often signs of a transient ischemic attack, which is a warning sign of an impending stroke.

Causes

Carotid artery disease is caused by the gradual buildup of plaque along the inner walls of the carotid arteries. Plaque consists of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.

Contributing causes include:

• Atherosclerosis

• Damage to artery walls over time

• Reduced elasticity of blood vessels

As plaque accumulates, the artery narrows, limiting blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of clot formation.

Risk Factors

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing carotid artery disease, many of which are related to cardiovascular health.

Common risk factors include:

• High blood pressure

• High cholesterol levels

• Smoking

• Diabetes

• Obesity

• Physical inactivity

• Advancing age

• Family history of cardiovascular disease

The presence of multiple risk factors significantly raises the risk of stroke.

Complications

Carotid artery disease can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening complications if not managed effectively.

Possible complications include:

• Transient ischemic attack

• Ischemic stroke

• Permanent neurological damage

• Reduced quality of life due to disability

• Increased risk of recurrent strokes

Early detection and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent these outcomes.

Prevention

Preventing carotid artery disease focuses on maintaining healthy blood vessels and reducing cardiovascular risk factors.

Effective prevention strategies include:

• Controlling blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels

• Quitting smoking

• Eating a heart-healthy diet

• Engaging in regular physical activity

• Maintaining a healthy weight

• Following medical advice and treatment plans

• Attending regular health checkups

Lifestyle modifications and early medical intervention play a key role in reducing the risk of carotid artery disease and its complications.